Latin 365 -- Review of Grammar

2. Find and identify two conditions in VI.19 (p. 128)

1. If I could read this more easily I would be happier.

2. If you had seen the wolf [lupus, -i, m.], would you have run away? [run away= fugio]

3. If you see her, say hello for me. [say hello saluto, -are]

4. If we should go to Rome, we would see many records of antiquity. [monumentum]

5. If you learn [= will have learned] these things, you will receive a reward?

V Subjunctive with verbs of fearing

Verb of fearing with ne (lest, that) + subjunctive "I fear lest/that"

Verb of fearing with ut (that not) or ne non (that not)

Examples:

VII.21 nec sepulcra legens vereor ne memoriam perdam.

Translate:

1. I am afraid that old men are unpleasant to young people.

2. Some old men are afraid that they will lose [their] strength.

Ut or ne + subjunctive (present or imperfect) "in order to" "to"

Relative purpose qui, quae, quod + subjunctive

If the main verb is present or future use the PRESENT subjunctive.

If the main verb is past use the IMPERFECT subjunctive.

1. Identify purpose clauses and translate:

1. [Sophocles] a filiis in iudicium vocatus est ut ... illum quasi desipientem a re familiari removerent iudices.
2. Age, ut ista divina studia omittamus possum nominare ex agro Sabino rusticos Romanos...
3. tu occurrebas dignus eo munere quo uterque nostrum communiter uteretur.
4. omnem sermonem tribuimus ... M. Catoni seni quo maiorem auctoritatem haberet oratio.

2. Find another purpose clause in your readings. {There’s one in VI.19}

3. Translate

1. Cicero wrote this hateful book (in order) to make Atticus’ old age more pleasant.

2. We are going to Rome [in order] to elect [= make] Catiline [Catilina, -ae, m.] consul.

3. The young men went to Cato [in order] to hear the old man’s opinions.

VII Jussive noun clauses

Verb of asking, persuading, ordering, wishing + ut / ne + subjunctive

[senectutem] ut adipiscantur omnes optant...

Ciceronem consulem oro [ut] vos faciatis.

VIII Result clauses

ut / ut non + subjunctive

The main clause often has a word like tam, sic, ita, tantus, is

1. Examples: identify RESULT clause and translate:

1. Mihi quidem ita iucunda huius libri confectio fuit ut non modo omnes absterserit senectutus molestias, sed effecerit mollem etiam et iucundam senectutem.
2. Nec tamen omnes possunt esse Scipiones aut Maximi [~ tanti] ut urbium expugnationes, ut pedestres navalesve pugnas, ut bella a se gesta, ut triumphos recordentur.
3. [Ennius] ita ferebat duo quae maxima putantur onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis paene delectari videretur.
4. litteras Graecas senex didici, quas quidem sic arripui ... ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent, quibus me nunc exemplis uti [utor] videtis.
5. At multi ita sunt imbecilli senes, ut nullum offici aut omnin vitae munus exsequi possint.

Relative clause of result -- qui instead of ut

nemo enim est tam senex, qui se annum non putet posse vivere.

Substantive clause of result -- after verbs of making, causing, "it remains", "it is added"

Ad Appi Claudi senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset.

2. Find a result clause in IX.30

3. Translate:

1. To the old age of Cato it was added that he was long-winded.

2. Milo was so strong that he was able to carry a bull. [bos, bovis, m.]

3. Gorgias is so wise that he knows that nothing exists.

IX Relative Clauses of Characteristic

Relative pronoun + subjunctive [tells the sort of person etc. who would do or be]

Often after expressions like quis est qui? nemo est qui. Sunt/est qui...

1. Admire and translate the relative clauses of characteristic:

1. eis nihil potest malum videri, quod naturae necessitas afferat.
2. nihil habeo quod accusem senectutem. [OTOH this might be a relative clause of cause]
3. Nullaene igitur res sunt seniles quae vel infirmis corporibus animo tamen administrentur?

2. Find a relative clause of characteristic in your readings.

3. Translate:

1. Who is there who would not believe Cato? [credo + _____ case]

2. Is there anyone who would say that old men do nothing? [is there an indirect statement here?]

3. Salinator was [the kind of] old man who complains about old age.

X Optative Subjunctive

utinam + subjunctive expresses a wish "would that!" "if only!"

1. Translate:

quae [= mea sapientia] utinam digna esset opinione vestra nostroque cognomine!

quam palmam utinam di immortales, Scipio, tibi reservent!

2. Translate into Latin:

Would that we become old!

Would that we might very easily learn all these new words!

XI Potential Subjunctive

Expresses a possibility "might" "may" "could"

sed fortasse dixerit quispiam...

A foolish old man might say that old age lacks enjoyments (pleasures).

XII Hortatory

"Let us" the negative is ne*

Earum--si placet--causarum quanta quamque sit iusta unaquaeque, videamus.

Translate:

1. Let us go.

2. Let us be silent.

3. Let us learn more [things].

4. Let us not complain about our teachers.*

5. Let us use reason and council.

XIII Quod with the subjunctive of a reason not the speaker’s own.

quod + subjunctive "because as he/she/they says/say" Also called informal indirect statement.

Translate these examples adapted from the de Senectute

1. apud quem [Catonem] Laelium et Scipionem facimus admirantes, quod is tam facile senectutem ferat, eisque eum respondentem.
2. C. Salinator et Sp. Albinus ... deplorare solebant tum quod voluptatibus carerent ... tum quod spernerentur ab eis a quibus essent coli soliti.
3. unam quod avocet a rebus gerendis, alteram quod corpus faciat infirmius, tertiam quod privet omnibus fere voluptatibus, quartam quod haud procul absit a morte.

XIV Ablative Absolute

Noun or Pronoun with a participle in the ablative, adverbial clause giving attendant circumstances

noun noun|participle

    \participle

quo recitato "which [the passage from the OC] having been recited" > "after this had been recited"

1. Identify the ablatives absolute and translate the sentences.

1. me audiente, Salinatori, qui amisso oppido fuerat in arce glorianti atque [haec] dicenti ... [Maximus] inquit... [hint: 2 ablatives absolute]
2. qui [Q. Maximus] consul iterum, Sp. Carvilio collega quiescente, C. Flaminio tribuno plebis ... restitit [hint: Sp. Carvilio is dative with the compound verb]
3. ille autem Caepione et Philippo consulibus mortuus est.
4. possum nominare ex Sabino agro rusticos Romanos, vicinos et familiares meos, quibus absentibus numquam fere ulla in agro maiora opera fiunt...

2. Find additional ablatives absolute in your readings.

3. Translate:

2. With old men leading the state, the citizens lacked money and pleasure.

XV Future Passive Periphrastic, Gerund, and Gerundive

Carthago est delenda

2. The gerund is a verbal noun, active in meaning, neuter singular, in the oblique cases

-ndi -ndo -ndum -ndo

3. The gerundive is a verbal adjective, passive in meaning, all genders, numbers, and cases

1. Identify gerund, gerundive, future passive periphrastic and translate

1. consolatio [earum] et maior est et in aliud tempus differenda.
2. quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum, eis omnis aetas gravis est...
3. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum ... quod ferendum est molliter sapienti.
4. Qui mihi non id videbantur accusare quod esset accusandum.
5. Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem.
6. A rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit.
7. cum sententia Senatus inclinaret ad pacem [faciendam] cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum...
8. in re gerenda versari senectutem negant
9. [Ei] gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicunt...
10. ...quibus absentibus numquam fere ulla in agro maiora opera fiunt, non serendis, non percipiendis, non condendis fructibus.
11. Resistendum, Laeli et Scipio, senectuti est, eiusque vitia diligenti compensanda sunt; pugnandum tamquam contra morbum sic contra senectutem. Habenda ratio valetudinis; utendum exercitationibus modicis; tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum ut reficiantur vires non opprimantur.
12. Animi autem exercendo levantur.
13. exercendae memoriae grati , quid quoque die dixerim, audierim, egerim, commemoro vesperi.

2. Find other eaxmples in your readings:

3. Translate

2. By living well we destroy our enemies.

3. What does the pilot do in sailing? [gubernator, gubernatoris, m.]

4. By exercising [our] bodies we become stronger. [exerceo, Ere]

5. By teaching we learn.

6. It is necessary for wise men to bear whatever nature brings.