PART TWO: LATIN VERBS

UNIT ONE: LATIN VERBS COME INTO ENGLISH

The Latin verb has many forms which show person, number, tense, voice, and mood. For more explanation see the supplement to this chapter and the exercise "parsing Latin verbs." Of these forms only two are important for the formation of English words. Only two forms, therefore, need be learned for each verb, with the occasional exception of certain -i-stem verbs for which the presence of an -i- in the stem would be unclear without a third form: these will be marked (-io) in the vocabulary lists. On the other hand there are some verbs for which only one form need be learned (either because the first or second form does not exist or because it is not productive of English words; "unproductive" bases will be enclosed in square brackets). In several cases additional forms which are variations (showing vowel reduction) must be learned. There are also a few special variations that show French influence (as -CEIVE < capere and -CLAIM < clamare) which should be learned. These special forms are included in the vocabulary lists.

Characteristics of Verbs with Latin examples:

The Bases of Latin Verbs

The two forms to be learned are the present infinitive and the perfect passive participle (in the neuter nominative singular). This latter form will be abbreviated ppp.

INFINITIVES bases PARTICIPLES bases

I portare (to carry) port(a) portatum (carried) portat-

II doc‘re (to teach) doc(e) doctum (taught) doct-

III ducere (to lead) duc(e) ductum (led) duct-

IIIi capere (to take) cap(ie) captum (taken) capt-

IV sentire (to feel) sent(i) sensum (felt) sens-

All the ppp forms end in -um. To find the base remove -um. All the infinitives (except for deponents which end in -ri or -i) end in a vowel + re. The base is found by removing the vowel and re. In some compounds the vowel is retained. Certain verbs of the third conjugation (III) have i as part of the stem (IIIi, above) For these the additional form -io will be given. All verbs in -ire also have i as part of the stem in the present.

Verbs are divided into conjugations according to the vowel before re: -are, first conjugation (I); -‘re, second conjugation (II); -ere, third conjugation (III); -ire, fourth conjugation (IV). Conjugations are patterns of changes in the present system of Latin verbs (that is, present, imperfect, or continuous past, and future) for which the forms depend upon the stem vowel.

There are some verbs called deponents which end in -ri or -i in the present infinitive. For example, mirari (to wonder); sequi (to follow): simply remove the vowel and -ri or the -i to find the base. These are the forms of the passive infinitive: deponents are verbs which appear only in passive forms.

Forming the PPP: (Perfect Passive Participle)

The verbs ending in -are (almost) always have their ppp in -atum; some, but not all, in -ire also retain the -i- in the ppp.

I portare -- portatum carry

dare -- datum give

stare -- statum stand

IV audire -- auditum hear

munire -- munitum fortify

but

sentire -- sensum feel

venire -- ventum come

Most verbs add -tum directly to the last consonant of the base.

capere -- captum take

facere -- factum do/make

canere -- cantum sing

dicere -- dictum say/tell

Assimilation:

If the present base ends in a g or b assimilation takes place before -tum. The g changes to c and the b to p to make them easier to pronounce before -tum.

legere -- lectum [for leg-tum] gather/choose/read

agere -- actum [for ag-tum] do

scribere -- scriptum [for scrib-tum] write

Dentals:

LA dental sound (d, t) at the end of the base usually causes a change to -sum in the ppp. In these instances the dental is dropped.

mittere -- missum send/let go

vid‘re -- visum see

cadere -- casum fall

cedere -- cessum go, yield

caedere -- caesum cut, kill

Scissors comes from Late Latin cisorium "an instrument for cutting" < caedere/ caesum "cut"

Those verbs that retain the stem vowel in the ppp are not affected by this rule, as for example audire -- auditum and portare -- portatum.

Irregular Principal Parts

There are also many irregularly formed ppps. For example:

EXERCISES:

* Practice exercises (1-A): Form the ppp [in -tum or -sum] for each of the following present infinitives. In this exercise all -are verbs have -atum and all -ire verbs have -itum. Others do not retain the vowel. Begin learning the vocabulary for # 1-15. Try to think of at least one English word from each base. (Turn in # 16-30.)

Example errare (go astray): ppp erratum > err, errata; ludere (play): ppp lusum (note: dental stem) > allude, illusion

1-B. Irregulars: match present with ppp and try to think of an English word from the ppp.

Making Latin Verbs into English Words

Latin verbs come into English as verbs, nouns, and adjectives in the following ways:

1. Base alone

2. Base + silent -e

3. A double consonant at the end of the Latin present base is often reduced to a single consonant in the English word.

But the double consonant often appears again when suffixes are added:

4. Unpredictable changes may take place (especially under French influence).

English verbs from the present bases of capere (-cipere), tenere (-tinere), clamare show respectively -ceive, -tain, -claim. But suffixed derivatives will usually show the Latin base:

Vocabulary note

Some words from facere, factum: other bases, -fici-, -fect, -fy.

affair (through French, "something to do"), affect, affectation, affection, affettuoso (Italian musical direction "with warmth and tenderness), amplification, amplify, artifact, artifice, artificial (ars, artis "art" v. ars gratia artis and ars gratia pecuniae), beatific, beatify, benefaction, benefice, beneficence, beneficiary, benefit, calcify, citified, classify, codify, comfit, confect, confection, confectionary, confetti (through Italian), counterfeit, de facto, deface, defeasance, defeasible, defeat, defect, defective, deficiency, deficit, difficult, difficulty, dignify, disaffected, disaffection. discomfit, edification, edify, edifice, efface, effect, effective, effectual, effectuate, efficacious, efficacy, efficiency, efficient, ex post facto, exemplify, facade, face, facet, facies, facile, facilitate, facility, facsimile, fact, faction, factional, factious, factitious, factitive, factor, factorable, factorage, factory, factotum ("do-all"), factual, facture, facultative, faculty, faena (< Spanish, "the final passes of the matador" < Lat. facienda "things to be made or done"), fashion, feasance, feasible, feat... (to be continued).

Practice exercises (2): give a simple (i.e. do not add any additional prefixes or suffixes) English derivative of each; tell what part of speech the derivative is; describe the change; and tell whether the Latin form is present infinitive or ppp.

Examples: decipere > deceive, a verb with irregular change influenced by French; it comes from the present base; repulsum > repulse, a verb from the ppp base + silent -e.

 

Verbs from nouns (Denominatives)

Verbs are formed from nouns usually by adding the -are/-atum endings (i.e. first conjugation endings) to the noun base. These most often come into English with the suffix -ate (from the ppp base), meaning to use, to cause, to make.

Sometimes the suffix -ite is used.

Sometimes no suffix is added in the English word:

Practice exercises (3): Form English verbs from these Latin nouns, adjectives, adverbs:

Example: satis (enough) > satiate, satisfy

Tell from what Latin noun or adjective each of these English verbs comes:

Vocabulary IV

Learn both bases. Try to give an English word from each base. * Shows vowel reduction, explained below.

* agere, actum (-ig-) do, drive, lead

* cadere, casum (-cid-, -cas-) fall

* caedere, caesum (-cid-, -cis-) cut, kill

* capere (-io), captum (-cipi-, -cept-) take, seize -ceive

cedere, cessum go, yield (-ceed/-cede)

clamare, clamatum shout -claim

* claudere, clausum (-clud-, -clus-) close -close

* dare, datum (-d-, -dit-) give

ducere, ductum lead

errare, erratum go astray

* facere (-io), factum (-fici-, -fect-) do, make -fy

ferre (fer-), latum bear, carry

ire, itum go (present base i-; ppp base it-)

* jacere (-io), jactum (-ject-) throw

jacere (< jacere) lie [no ppp]

mittere, missum send, let go

parare, paratum get, get ready

pellere, pulsum push

premere, pressum squeeze

[rumpere], ruptum break, burst

scribere, scriptum write

sentire, sensum feel

solvere, solutum loosen

* ten‘re, tentum (-tin-, -tent-) hold, keep -tain

vendere, venditum sell

venire, ventum come

vertere, versum turn

vocare, vocatum call, use the vox

vorare, [voratum] devour, eat

Suffixes from verbs:

Vocabulary note: English words from ire, itum: present base: perish, ambient, ambience, transient, exit (as a stage direction: "he/she goes out" pl. exeunt); ppp base: adit, circuit, ambition, comitia (a Roman assembly), commence, introit, issue, obituary (cf. obiit, abbr. ob. "he/she died"), praetor, preterite, sedition, sudden, transit, transitive, transition, transitory. Also Latin iter, itiner- road, journey > itinerary, itinerant, errant.

Exercise 1 Using new vocabulary, fill in the blanks

Notice changes in the stem vowel in 23-27. Can you figure out which verbs these are from? For further explanation see below.

Vowel Reduction

It is common when a prefix is added that certain vowels change to a reduced or weakened form.

When a prefix is added:

1. an a or e before a single consonant becomes i

2. an a before two consonants becomes e

3. ae becomes i

4. au becomes u

Which verbs in the vocabulary show vowel reduction?

Examples of vowel reduction from the previous exercise:

A few commom prefixes are used in the previous exercise. Study these as a preview for the next exercises. They will be treated in more detail in chapter five.

  1. ad-, ac- to
  2. con-, com-, co- with, together
  3. de- down
  4. ex-, e- out
  5. in-, ir- [1] in, into
  6. in-, ir- [2] not, un-
  7. per- through
  8. re- back, again
  9. se- apart, aside
  10. sub-, sup- under
  11. trans- across

Vowel reduction takes place in compounds formed from noun, adjective, and adverb bases too.

* Exercise 2 (Turn in.)

The verbs showing vowel reduction are:

Study the reduced forms of each of these and try to think of a word using each form of the stem; check in the vocabulary list if you are uncertain. The forms in parentheses do not show vowel reduction.

E.g. capere, captum: -cip(i)-, -cept-: capacious, captivate, incipient, perceptive, receive
habere:  habile, habit, habitat, inhibit, exhibit

Exercises 3:

A. Explain the vowel changes, identify base verb, define prefix; ignore suffixes.

E. g.: intransigent: -ig- reduced verb base of agere; prefixes: in, not; trans, across [-ent = -ing]

B. Change to the correct spellings

1. exagency                         2. infaction

3. inclausive                         4. adjactive

5. occadent                         6. excaesion

7. percaption                       8. addational

9. incontenent                     10. interjaction

11. incapient                        12. edation

Vocabulary note: more words from facere

feature, fec. (abbreviation of fecit she/he made), feckless, fetish (< Portuguese feitico "charm" < Latin factitius), fortify, gentrify, gratify, hacienda (< Spanish < Latin facienda), horrify, imperfect, ineffaceable, ineffective, ineffectual, inefficiency, infeasible, infectious, justify, liquefaction, liquefy, magnify, malefactor, malefic, malfeasance, modify, mollify, mortified, notify, nullify, office, ossify, perfect, perfectible, perfection, prefect, prima facie, profit, qualify, rarefy, ratify, refect, refectory, sanctify, satisfy, signify, stupefy, suffice, sufficient, surface, surfeit, transmogrify, verify

Exercise 4 Verb Review

A. Match with meaning of the base verb:

B. Match with derivative from the other base of the same verb; tell meaning of the Latin verb:

Optional Exercises:

Tell what each is carrying: crucifer, aquifer, baccifer, conifer, vociferous professors, carboniferous deposits?

What does each kill: fratricide, herbicide, pesticide, genocide, homocide, matricide, sororicide, patricide, parricide, deicide, regicide, tyrannicide, insecticide, fungicide, infanticide, vermicide? Add ten more -cides.

What does each eat:  carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, avivore, apivore, insectivore? Add five more -vores.

Vocabulary notes:

Words from parare/paratum: pare, prepare, preparation, repair, reparative, reparation, apparatus, apparel, separate, sever, disparate; parry, parade, parasol, parachute; also related are words from Latin imperare, ("command" < "prepare against") > imperative, imperial, empire, emperor. NOT related is compare < par "equal".

Words from jacere/jactum: abject, adjective, conjecture, deject, disject, eject, ejecta (matter thrown out as from an erupting volcano), inject, interjection, objective, project, reject, trajectory, subject, jactation (boasting), jactitation (false boast), joist, ejaculate, gist. NOT javelin, from a Celtic root nor jacket, from the name Jacques.

The Joys of Sesquipedalia

The WORD for today is:

floccinaucinihilipilification

"The act of making something worthless" as in "I admired him for nothing so much as his floccinaucinihilipilification of money."

Floccus "a tuft of wool" > floccose ("full of or containing tufts of wool") and flocculus ("a small tuft of wool") > flocculent ("resembling a tuft of wool") and flocculate ("to gather into tufts of wool").

Nauci is related to nugae "trifles, trivial things" > nugacious, nugatory, nugilogue (trivial talk, small talk), nugigerulous ("carrying toys"), but not nougat which comes from nux, nuc- "nut".

Nihil "nothing" > nil, null, nihilism, nihilist, nihility, annihilate.

Pilus "hair" > piliferous ("hirsute"), depilatory, plush, caterpillar ("hairy cat"), pileus ("cap") and by a connection that remains obscure, possibly pillage.

Can you figure out the elements in this gem of prolixity?

osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary

Hint: it means having the structure of a human being. Remember the word and translate the elements into Greek when you reach part three.

 

Unit One: Checklist

1. The two bases of the Latin verb from

a. present infinitive [ends in -re, some in -ri, -i]

b. the ppp (perfect passive participle) [ends in -um]

2. Know how to recognize the four conjugations by stem vowel in form a [the present infinitive]

I -are

II -‘re

III -ere

IV -ire

3. How to form the ppp from the present base; all irregular ppps.

4. Ways of forming English words from Latin verbs:

a. base alone

b. base + silent -e

c. various irregular changes: remember especially -ceive from capere; -tain from tenere; -claim from clamare.

5. To make verbs from noun bases, usually add -ate to the noun base.

6. Always learn both bases of new verbs.

7. Vowel reduction takes place after a prefix:

a, e > i before one consonant

a > e before two (or more) consonants

ae > i

au > u

Anagrams: rearrange the letters to form other words

Thingamagigs & whatdoyoucallems: are you at a loss for the words to name parts of things, the drones on your bagpipes, the gnomon on the sundial, the ferrule of your shoehorn, the guy ropes on the big top, the portcullis at the castle gate, the frog's tympanum, the turtle's plastron, the turkey's caruncle, the lamb's pastern, your own medial malleolus? If so, a book has been written for you: Reginald Bragonier, Jr. and David Fisher's What's What .

Supplement for Unit One: Parsing Latin Verbs

For the most part only the bases of Latin verbs are needed to form English derivatives and so these few examples will suffice for giving a general idea of the nature of the Latin verb. On the other hand there are some (few) words which come from Latin with their conjugational endings intact.

1. fiat, a command or decree, comes from the present subjunctive of fio [passive of facio], third person singular and means literally "let it be done".

2. placebo [literally, "I will please"]

3. vide [common as the abbreviation v.]

4. ignoramus

5. caveat [cf. caveat emptor]

6. recipe [cf. Rx]

7. habitat [from the opening of descriptions of animals or plants, "it dwells"]

8. deficit

9. veto

10. imprimatur

11. floruit

12. tenet

13. memento

14. caret [^], "there is lacking"

15. mandamus

16. habeas corpus

17. exit [cf. exeunt omnes]

18. scire facias

19. venire

Most of these words will be found in your dictionary. If there are any you are uncertain about look them up.

History in Words

church

From Old English circice from Greek kuriakon [doma] ‘the Lord’s house’ from kurios (kur/ioj, "the Lord"; as an adjective, "authoritative, appointed") from the root *keue- "swell".                                                                                                        Church is an early word to enter English, coming from the period of the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity at the end of the 6th c. C. E. or possibly from the Christianized Goths and spread by them to other Germanic tribes.                                Some other early Latin and Greek words to enter English by this process of conversion are:

angel nun alms Mass pope cope altar cleric deacon passion priest monk relic creed noon paradise abbot apostate cross Sabbath preach minister bishop disciple devil offer alb acolyte apostle dean martyr saint

Although the majority of these words are from Latin, many others are from Greek and some are from Hebrew (Sabbath) and Persian (paradise).

Other words from the same root as church are: cave, codeine, accumulate, kirk, cyma, enceinte.

 

UNIT TWO: PREFIXES FROM LATIN

The most common Latin prefixes are derived from prepositions. They are most frequently added to verb bases, but also to noun and adjective bases.

English has native prefixes of a similar kind, but these are no longer as productive as those from Latin.

Native word Compare to Derivative from Latin

There are also prefixes which are not derived from prepositions.

English un- corresponds to Latin in- [2]:

English all, as prefix all-, al- corresponds to Latin omni-:

Before studying the prefixes the student should have clearly in mind two linguistic phenomena.

1. Vowel reduction (or weakening) [see chapter 4, p. 77]

2. Assimilation [base, simil-, like] is the act of making one thing like [to = ad-] another. Sometimes a consonant at the end of a prefix changes so that it will be easier to say before the first consonant of the base word.

For example:

After ex- an initial s is dropped in English

The variations will be listed with the prefixes.

Prefixes from Latin

Learn these prefixes from Latin. * the most productive.

* 1. a-, ab-, abs- away from, off, badly [The usual form is ab; a- is used before m, p, v; abs before c, t.]

Examples: abrupt (broken off), avert (turn away) abstract (drawn away)

* 2. ad- to, toward, against, intensely [ad appears also as ac- (before c, q), af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, and a- (before sc, sp, st, gn).]

Examples: advent (a coming towards), accurate (attended to), annotate (add notes to) assent (feel to, agree)

3. ambi- around, about, on both sides [amb- before vowels]

Examples: ambiguous (going around, uncertain), ambidextrous (right-handed on both sides)

* 4. ante- before, in front of, ahead of

Example: antecede (go before)

* 5. circum- around

Examples: circumcise (cut around), circumflex ([something] bent around)

6. cis- on this side of

Examples: cisalpine (on this side of the Alps), cislunar (on this side of the moon)

* 7. com- with, together [com- before b, p, m; cor- before r; col- before l; co- before h, gn and usually before vowels; con- before all other consonants.]

Examples: colloquium (a speaking together), corrode (gnaw thoroughly), combine (put two things together)

* 8. de- down from, off, utterly; this prefix may imply removal or cessation and it may give a bad (or negative) sense to the word.

Examples: devolve (roll down) deformed (ill/badly formed), defoliate (remove the leaves) destroy (build down)

* 9. dis- apart, in different directions, at intervals; it can also have a negative force. [di- before voiced consonants; dif- before f; sometimes de- under French influence: depart, defy]

Examples: differ (bear/carry apart), dispel (push in different directions), discursive (tending to run in different directions)

* 10. ex-, e- out from, out of, off, away, away from, thoroughly [ef before f]

Examples: event (outcome), effect (make thoroughly), extol (raise out), expect (look out, await)

11. extra- {variant, extro-} outside, beyond

Example: extraordinary (beyond the rank)

* 12. in-(1) in, into, on, toward, against [il- before l; im- before b, m, p; ir- before r; sometimes en- under French influence.]

Examples: incise (cut into), impel (push on) infringe (break in)

* 13. in-(2) not, lacking, without [i before gn; other changes as in-(1)]

Examples: illegal (unlawful), ignoble (not noble)

* 14. inter- among, between, at intervals, mutually, each other [intel- before l]

Examples: intercept (take between), intercede (come between), intellect (that which chooses between)

15. infra- below, beneath, inferior to, after, later

Example: infrared

16. intra- in, within, inside of

Example: intramural (within the walls)

17. intro- in, into, inward

Example: introduce (lead into)

18. juxta- near, beside

Example: juxtapose (put beside)

* 19. ob- toward, against, across, in the way of, opposite to, down, for, out of, intensely [o- before m; oc- before c; of- before f; op- before p.]

Examples: oblong (long across), offer (bring for), obdurate (hardened against)

* 20. per- through, by, thoroughly, away, badly, to the bad [pel- before l]

Examples: permeate (pass through), perfidy (bad faith), pellucid (thoroughly clear/bright)

* 21. post- behind, after

Examples: postpone (put after), postnatal (after birth)

* 22. pre- [Latin prae-] before, in advance, in front of, headfirst, at the end

Examples: precede (go before), pretend (spread in front, give as an excuse)

23. preter- [Latin praeter] past, beyond

Examples: preterite (gone past), preternatural (beyond what is natural), preterpostmodernism (beyond the post-modernist period)

* 24. pro- forth, for, forward, publicly, instead of [before vowels, prod-]

Examples: proclaim (shout publicly/forth), proceed (go forward)

* 25. re- back, again, against, behind; can have both intensive and negative force [red- before vowels]

Examples: repel (push back), record (bring back to mind), redeem (buy back) [<emere]

26. retro- backwards, behind

Example: retrogressive (tending to step/move backwards)

* 27. se- aside, apart, away [sed- before vowels]

Examples: secure (away from/free from care), seduce (lead apart)

28. sine- without

Example: sinecure (without [the] care [of souls])

* 29. sub- under, inferior, secondary, less than, in place of, secretly [suc- before c; suf- before f; sug- before g; sum- before m; sup- before p; sur- before r; sometimes sus- before c, p, t.]

Example: subtract (draw from under)

30. subter- beneath, secretly

Example: subterfuge (evasion, fleeing in secret)

* 31. super- over, above, excessively, beyond [sur- under French influence: surtax, surrealism, surcharge]

Example: superimpose (put over/on top)

32. supra- above, over, greater than, preceding

Example: suprarenal (above the kidney)

* 33. trans- across, over, beyond, through, very [tra-, tran-]

Examples: transport (carry across/over), transgress (step across)

Exercise 1 Practice assimilating: [* practice vowel reduction on these]

Exercise 2 Make up 5 words using each new prefix; choose one and find twenty words using it. Try to find subtleties of meaning for your prefix.

Example: OB- becomes OC-, OP-, OF-, O- (before M). The basic meaning is to, toward, but it also shows the meaning against, in opposition to (that is "to or toward in a hostile or negative sense"). It can also show the slight shades of meaning suggested by "opposite to", "for", "in a certain direction (down, over, in back of, out of, away)" and it can show intensified action. A special meaning of OB- in botany is "in inverse shape".

to/toward: offer, obvert, obey, object, oblation, oblige, obligate, obnoxious, observe, obverse, obviate, occur, opportune ("toward the harbor" < portus), obsequious, obsequies -- opposite to/before: obsess, obstetrics (< obstetrix "midwife" < "she who stands next to"), oblate ("spheroid" < "carried to") [NOT office, officious: these come from opus + facere, "to do one’s work or duty"]

against/in opposition to: opprobrium, obloquy, offend, offensive, opponent, oppose, opposite, obstacle, obtrude, obstruct, oppugn ("fight against" > "call into question"), oppress, oppressive, obstreperous, obtund, obtuse

for: obsecrate ("beg for something")

of various directions: down: obituary, occasion, occident; over: obtect, obscure; in back of: occiput ("in back of the head"); out of/away: obliterate, omit, omission, obsolete

intensified action: obtain, occlude, obfuscate, oblong, occupy, obdurate

inverse shape: obcordate, obovate, oblanceolate

others: oblivion, obturate, occult

Exercise 3 Make up words meaning (using verbs from last lesson):

Exercise 4: Take apart and define parts. Make up one addition word using the same prefix and one word using the same verb base.

Example: omit: o- {ob-} "off" + mit < present base of mittere "let go"; other words: 1. obfuscate 2. intermittent.

1. transmit

2. collate

3. suppress

4. compare [< par "equal"]

5. declaim

6. proscribe

7. resent

8. resolve

9. provoke

10. diverse

11. consensus

12. secede

13. advent

14. transient

15. abstain

16. interrupt

17. abject

18. excise

19. precept

20. preclude

21. defect

22. abrupt

23. intervene

24. circumscribe

25. antecede

26. intercept

27. postscript

28. supercede

29. object

30. oppress

31. dismiss

32.-35. commit, admit, remit, submit

Take apart and define these words which use noun bases:

1. devious

2. obvious

3. impervious

4. supernumerary

5. juxtamarine

6. circumlunar

7. extraterrestrial

8. subterranean

9. immure [murus, wall]

10. intravenous [vena, vein]

11. adept

12. perennial

Exercise 5: Using the new prefixes, make up 10 words from each of these verbs:

Example: venire, ventum > advent, convent, invent, convene, reconvene, convenient, inconvenience, subvention, prevent, eventual, intervene, circumvent, supervene, contravene [also, avenue, parvenu, adventure, souvenir, provenance]

1. ducere, ductum

2. facere, factum

3. cedere, cessum

4. tenere, tentum

5. capere, captum

6. mittere, missum

7. legere, lectum (collect, gather, choose, read)

8. currere, cursum (run)

9. tendere, tensum/tentum (stretch)

10. pellere, pulsum

PER- some observations: per- is used literally to mean "through" as in pervade, permeate, impervious.

From "through" to "through and through" or "thoroughly" is an easy step: perfect, pellucid, perceive.

"Through to the end" is another nearly imperceptible gradation as in: permanent, persist, perpetual.

"Through to the core and so to the bad" requires a little more imagination, as in words such as perfidious, pervert, perverse, perish.

PER is also used as a separate word in certain expressions:  per diem, per annum, per cent, per capita: "for each"; per bearer: "by means of"; as per instructions: "according to"

 

Vocabulary V

Learn these verbs; make up derivatives for each stem

canere, cantum sing (-cent: accent)

cernere, cretum sift

condere, conditum build, store, hide

currere, cursum run

dicere, dictum say, speak

emere, emptum buy, procure (from pres. base redeem)

flectere, flexum bend

fundere, fusum pour

gerere, gestum carry, wage

haerere, -haesum cling, stick

legere, lectum collect, gather, choose, read

ludere, lusum play

pendere, pensum hang, weigh

petere, petitum aim at, seek

ponere, positum put, place

portare, portatum carry

prehendere, prehensum seize

quaerere, quaesitum (-quirere, -quisitum) seek, ask

rogare, rogatum ask

scandere (-scendere, -scensum) climb

secare, sectum cut

servare, servatum save

sistere, statum set, stand

stare, statum stand

sumere, sumptum take (up)

tendere, tentum/tensum stretch, spread, aim

trahere, tractum draw, drag > subtrahend, subtract, intractable

uti, usum use

vadere, -vasum go, make one's way

vincere, victum conquer, win

vivere, victum live

 

Vocabulary notes

Words from canere/cantum: canorous (tuneful), cant (monotonous, whining, hypocritical speech; jargon), recant (renounce a position), cantilate (chant in a monotone), chant (through French), Carmen, charm, carmina, cantata, cantabile (lyrical), canticle (a nonmetrical chant based on a Biblical text), canzone (a style of verse), accent, incentive (what sets the tune), incantation, descant (ornamental melody), and precentor (a choir master).

Pitfalls: students over the years have asked about a number of other words with can- in them: NOT these:

Exercise 6: new verbs and prefixes. Take apart and define each; give at least one other English word from the same Latin verb.

Example: survive: sur- [from super] beyond + vive live.  Other words: convivial, revive, vivacious, vivid, victuals

1. abscond

2. edict

3. recondite

4. exempt

5. infuse

6. append

7. appetite

8. composite

9. desist

10. contend

11. interdict

12. perpetual

13. peremptory

14. impetus

15. compendium [-ium, a thing]

16. discern

17. incline [clinare, "lean, bend"]

18. deflect

19. transport

20. cohere

21. apprehend

22. surrogate

23. perquisite

24. recant

25. ascend

26. convivial

27. insect

28. pervade

29. assume

30. observe

31. intersect

32. contract

33. abuse

34. evict

35. intellect

36. abrogate

37. arrogate

38. derogate

39. interrogate

40. acquire

Distinguish between discreet and discrete.

Courier comes from currere, but not currier which is from corium "hide" (cf. excoriate).

PORTARE (to carry), PORTA (door), PORTUS (harbor) are all related, the idea of passage being common to them all. From porta > portal, porter, porch, portico, portcullis; from portus > port, importune, opportune. English cognates include ferry, ford, fare; fjord is also related, as is Greek poros which gives us pore, emporium, aporia, aporetic.

* Exercise 7: Review verbs and prefixes. Make up words meaning (Turn in.):

Prefix scramble: unscramble each to spell a prefix; the underscored letters spell a word.

XUTJA CRUMIC RANTS TRINE PURES  FIRAN NEAT SCI

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Prefix drill:

Match with meaning and give a word using each prefix:

Exercise 8: Some denominatives using prefixes: take apart, define each part. Note: -ion "act, result of"; -ive "tending to"

1. evacuate

2. assimilate

3. exaggerate

4. exacerbate

5. obliterate [littera, letter]

6. accumulate [cumulus, heap]

7. reiterate [iterum, again]

8. excoriate [corium, hide, skin]

9. transliterate

10. incarcerate [carcer, prison]

11. excavate

12. eradicate

13. irradiate

14. exonerate

15. infatuate

16. cooperate

17. incorporate

18. enunciate [nuntius, message]

19. investigate [vestigium, footprint, trace]

20. corrugate [ruga, wrinkle]

21. exculpate [culpa, fault]

22. depreciate [pretium, price]

23. deprecate [prex, prec-, prayer]

24. decapitate

25. concatenation [catena, chain]

26. exaltation [altus, high]

27. superannuated

28. adaptation

29. inaugurate [augur, increaser, seer]

30. abbreviate [brevis, short]

31. incarnation [caro, carn-, flesh]

32. indentation [dens, dent-, tooth]

33. predominate [dominus, master < domus]

34. inflammation [flamma, flame]

35. counterreformation [counter < contra]

36. elaborate [labor, work]

37. regenerate

38. degenerate

39. collaborate

40. alleviate [levis, light]

41. corroborate [robor, strength]

42. illuminate [lumen, lumin-, light]

43. eliminate [limen, limin-, threshhold]

44. alliterate

45. inoculate [oculus, eye, bud]

46. annihilate [nihil, nothing]

47. denominative

48. innovate [novus, new]

49. insinuate [sinus, wave, fold]

Supplement for Unit Two: Expressions using Prefixes

ab incunabulis from the cradle

What is an incunabula?

ab ovo from the egg

Give three other derivatives of ovum, egg

ad libitum at one's pleasure [ad lib.]

ante bellum before the war

Give two additional derivatives of bellum.

cum grano salis with a grain of salt

English salary comes from Latin sal, salt; explain why.

Dominus vobiscum The Lord be with you

What does A.D. stand for?

What does pax vobiscum mean?

de gustibus non est disputandum there's no arguing about tastes

Can you think of another word from Latin gustis?

deus ex machina the god from the machine

in vino veritas in wine, truth

mens sana in corpore sano a sound mind in a sound body

inter nos among ourselves

per diem for each day

What does per annum mean?

ex post facto from after the fact

pro bono publico for the public good

sub rosa under the rose [i.e. in private]

sub specie aeternitatis under the sight of eternity

Learn these common phrases.  Look up any you do not know:

ad hoc -- ad rem -- de facto -- de jure -- sine qua non -- sine die -- pro bono

 

Nomen/ Nomina _____________________________________

*Review paper for EWO Part Two, Units 1-2 (Turn in for extra credit.)

1. Vocabulary of Verbs and Prefixes:

Using prefixes give ten words from each of the following (try to include at least one word from each base). Example: vertere, versum (turn) avert, averse, adverse, invert, inverse, pervert, perverse, revert, reversion, convert, conversation, subvert, subversive, obverse, divert, traverse, transverse, extroverted, introvert. Give meaning of the Latin verb.

capere, captum

cedere, cessum

mittere, missum

pellere, pulsum

scribere, scriptum

currere, cursum

ludere, lusum

trahere, tractum [pres. subtrahend]

sistere, stat- (-stit-)

legere, lectum

ducere, ductum

Using as many prefixes as you can, give five words from:

haerere, haesum

sumere, sumptum

rogare, rogatum

clamare, clamatum

(gerere), gestum (use ppp base)

(dicere), dictum (use ppp base)

portare, portatum

emere, emptum (pres. redeem)

fundere, fusum

tendere, tensum/tentum

II Prefixes: chose one of the prefixes listed in Unit 2 and give its meaning and ten words using it.

Example: ad- "to" adverse, affect, accept, advent, accede, adhere, attend, assist, addict, admission, attract, adduce, arrogant, acclaim

III Recognizing stem variations:

A. Match with the other word from the PRESENT stem of the same verb and fill in meaning of the verb.

Ex. H transient (ire) "go" A proficient (2) J exigency

__ agent B convenient

__ cadence C abstain

__ capacity (2) D exceed

__ reify E deciduous

__ face F continent

__ tenant (2) G conceive

__ secede H perish (ire)

__ venue I incipient

B. Match with another word from the PPP of the same verb and give meaning of the verb:

__ case A. edition

__ caesura B. receptacle

__ captivate C. excise

__ jactitation D. accent

__ disclose E. injection

__ data F. inclusive

__ canticle G. occasion

C. Match the word from the present stem to a word from the ppp of the same verb and give meaning of the verb:

H component A. accept

__ suffer B. hesitate

__ repel C. abuse

__ utile D. recant

__ coherent E. compulsive

__ canorous F. excrete

__ belligerent G. collate

__ discern H. posture

__ convenient I. incisive

__ imprimatur J. digest

__ deceive K. eventual

__ recidivism L. casual

__ suicide M. repressive

Checklist for Unit Two

1. Assimilation: the change in a final consonant of a prefix for ease in pronunciation before the first consonant of the base word. Make a list of all prefixes that assimilate and give one example of each change.

E.g. a, ab, abs: averse, abominate, abduct, abstruse, abscess

ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, a: adversary, acquire, accumulate, affirm, aggressor, alleviate, annunciation, approve, arrive, assent, attend, ascribe

2. Learn all prefixes. Make a list of all prefixes which can be used to mean very. Make a list of all prefixes that can be used to mean not or in any negative sense.

3. Learn both bases of all new verbs. Learn a derivative to associate with each base.

 

Vocabulary building: it is best to know the meanings of words and not just their parts. Test yourself by taking this quiz on meanings of some of the words that might come up in chapters four and five. Answers on next page.

1. recondite a. seasoned b. rebuilt c. highly recommended d. obscure

2. trajectory a. target b. path of a moving object c. opening in a door for cross-ventilation d. throwing away

3. incarnation condition of being a. deified b. in the flesh c. spiritual d. beflowered

4. sinecure a. dog's tail b. apathy c. office without work d. absolution

5. factotum a. bit of information b. plant manager c. a do-all d. manmade cult object

6. compendium a. heavy tome b. those who hang together c. a summary d. a place or instrument for weighing

7. interdiction a. entreaty for another b. a conversation c. ban d. interruption of a speech

8. peremptory a. sold out b. thoroughly empty c. urgent d. not long lasting

9. recant a. sing over and over b. retract a position c. an ornamental melody d. to pour back into the bottle

Words in Context

Life is interruption, a series of interruptions. In fact The Interrupted Life could be my memoir’s title. Lynne Tillman Cast in Doubt

They have joined the most obdurate consonants without one intervening vowel. Swift

Do not affect little shifts and subterfuges to avoid the force of an argument. Watts

Many of the best institutions moulder into sinecures. [1800]

He shall do this or else I do recant the pardon that I late pronounced here. Shakespeare

No, of course not; what with all her children, and what with making war and making peace, and giving balls and proroguing Parliaments, and the Government always changing, she has not much time for visiting, poor thing! Emily Eden

Prefix torture:

1. Which of these can mean "very" or "thoroughly": per ob ad com ex super de?

2. Which of these prefixes can mean "not" or "to the bad" or in general take a negative sense: per in dis ab de re sine

Answers to vocabulary quiz (p. 100):

1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. B

Answers to prefix questions (above):

1. all of these 2. all of these

History in Words

pork

the flesh of a pig, used as food

From Latin porcus, "pig"

The word pork comes to us from the Norman conquest.

In a famous passage from Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe, Wamba, the jester, tells the pig-keeper, Gurth, that his herd will be converted into Normans before morning:

"The swine turned Normans to my comfort!" quoth Gurth, "expound that to me Wamba, for my brain is too dull and my mind too vexed to read riddles."  "Why, how call you those grunting brutes running about on four legs?" demanded Wamba.  "Swine, fool — swine," said the herd; "every fool knows that."  "And swine is good Saxon," said the jester, "but how call you the sow when she is flayed and drawn and quartered, and hung up by the heels like a traitor?’  "Pork," answered the swineherd.  "I am glad every fool knows that too," said Wamba, "and pork, I think, is good Norman French. And so, when the brute lives and is in charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name, but becomes a Norman and is called pork when she is carried to the castlehall to feast among the nobles..."

And what of the other animals kept for the table? Anglo-Saxon on the hoof, but Norman on the platter:

The root *porko- properly means "young pig" and has among its derivatives: porcupine (porco- + spina, thorn), porcelain (from its resemblance to a young sow’s back), porpoise (porco + piscis, fish), aardvark (Dutch "earth-pig"), and the Old English farrow (a litter of pigs). The English swine has its Latin cognate too in sus, pig, which is the origin of soil (to dirty) and its Greek cognate hus, the source of hyena.

 

Butter

A fat from churned cream or a spread made from fruits or vegetables similar in consistency to softened butter.                                                                            Etymology (from the AHD): Middle English butere, from Old English, from Latin butyrum, from Greek bouturon : bous, "cow" + turos "cheese".                                 Other words from these roots *gwou- [cow] and *teue- [swell] include: cow, bugle (from Latin buculus, steer, diminutive of bos), bovine, bucolic, boustrophedon, hecatomb & thousand, from Germanic compound *thus-hundi-, "swollen hundred," thumb (from Old English), tumor (along with tumid, tumescent, protuberant, from Latin) butter, tiropita (cheese pie, from Greek), and sw=ma (body), sw/zw (save) from the Greek root sΗ- > somatic, soteriology. 

 

 

 

 

UNIT THREE: THE PRESENT BASE OF LATIN VERBS

SUFFIXES

There are many suffixes added to verb bases to form nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Some are added to the present base and others to the ppp base. This chapter will treat those added to the present base. Before beginning the new material, review the verbs from previous chapters, paying special attention to the present bases.

1. Noun-forming suffixes

*-or [Latin -or] condition of being

rigere, be stiff > rigor: condition of being stiff

-ium, -y [Latin -ium] act of, something connected with the act of {-cium >-ce; -gium > -ge}

colloqui, speak together > colloquium, colloquy: the act of speaking together

-ion [Latin -io, ion-] act or result of [also with ppp]

legere collect > legion: result of gathering [troops]

*-men [Latin -men] result or means of

regere guide, control > regimen: means of controlling

*-ment [Latin -mentum] result or means of an act

impedire hinder > impediment: means of hindering

-bulum, -ble [Latin -bulum, -bula] means, instrument, place, or thing for

stare stand > stable: place for standing

*-culum, -cle [Latin -culum] means, place for, thing for

currere run > curriculum: place for running

Suffixes in Context

Additional Words using the suffixes: try to add to these lists.

-OR -- valor, squalor, tenor, ardor, terror, horror, furor, error, fervor, favor, vigor, liquor, tremor, clamor, stupor, candor. It is important to distinguish this suffix from -or added to the ppp base which means "one who/that which"

-IUM, -Y (-ce, -ge: v. chapter 1: -cium/gium > -ce/ge) -- study, college, auspice, colloquium, colloquy, soliloquy, query, augury, compendium, convivial ( < convivium + -al), tedium, effluvium, obloquy, refuge, benefice. Try not to confuse this suffix with -y from -ia added to noun bases.

-ION -- option (< optare, "choose, wish for"), suspicion, opinion, region, legion, condition ( < condicio "speaking together, agreement" < dicere). -ion is also added to the ppp base.

-MEN -- regimen (also regime < French), specimen, foramen ("hole" < forare "to bore"), liquamen (a sauce used in Roman cuisine)

-MENT -- regiment, tenement, condiment, aliment (alimentary), element, augment, document, ferment, foment, fragment, argument, figment ( < fingere), torment ( < torquere), discernment, firmament, sentiment, testament, monument, sediment, instrument, pigment ( < pingere).

-BULUM, -BLE -- fable (and fabulous), stable, infundibulum ("funnel"), incunabula (pl. "swaddling clothes"). Be extra careful not to confuse this suffix which means "thing for or place for" with the adjective suffixes which mean "able" or "able to be".

-CULUM, -CLE -- curriculum, miracle (miraculous), spectacle ( < spectare, the frequentative of specere, see chapter 7; spectacular), vehicle (vehicular), obstacle, oracle (oracular), receptacle, tentacle ( < tentare < temptare "feel, touch, test" v. tentative). Notice that adjectives formed from nouns using this suffix return to the -cul- form. Try not to confuse this suffix added to verb bases with the diminutive suffix added to noun bases. The variant -crum is also found, as in the Latin word sepulcrum > English sepulchre.

Practice exercise A: Take apart and define parts

Example: presentiment pre before senti feel[ing] ment means of

Vocabulary VI a

Learn these, especially those marked * Find at least two words from each Latin verb; one word from each base for those having two bases. For those marked with the asterisk, find five or more word.

* alere, altum grow, nourish coalesce, alimentary; exalt

* aug‘re, auctum increase augment; auctioneer

cand‘re shine, be white

* creare, creatum create

* doc‘re, doctum teach

ferv‘re boil

* frangere (frag-), fractum break

horr‘re shudder, stand stiff

liqu‘re be fluid, be clear

* loqui, locutum speak

luc‘re shine, be light

* rapere, raptum snatch

* regere, rectum move in a straight line, guide, direct, rule

sol‘re, solitum become accustomed obsolescent, obsolete

* specere/spicere, spectum look at

stud‘re be diligent, be eager, study

terr‘re frighten

tim‘re fear

tremere quake, tremble

* val‘re be well, be strong In Latin vale, pl. valete means "goodbye" as in valedictorian.

Vocabulary notes

ALERE/ALTUM "grow, nourish" is related to English old, elder, alderman. The ppp altum is none other than your familar altus "tall" < "full grown". Words from it include exalt, enhance, haughty, hautboy (oboe) and the various alti/alto- words. From the present base come aliment, alimentary, alible, alimony, coalesce, alumnus/a, altricial, alma mater, adult, adolescent. It is also related to the Latin word proles "offspring" > prolific, proletarian (originally a Roman citizen of the lowest economic class whose contribuation to the state consisted in producing citizen children).

AUGERE/AUCTUM "increase" is related to English eke (as in "to eke out a living") and nickname ("an eke, or added, name"). Besides the obvious words like augment, augmentative, auction and auctioneeer, some of the less immediately obvious derivatives are augur, inaugurate, august, and Augustus (really a title of respect rather like "Majesty"), author and its two adjectives authorial and auctorial.

Practice exercise B: Take apart and define parts; give one additional derivative for each verb:

Vocabulary Notes, continued

CREARE/CREATUM "create, produce" with root meaning "grow" is related to Greek kouros/kore "boy/girl" > Dioscouri "the sons of Zeus: Castor and Polydeuces" and hypocorism "a pet name". The Latin word gives us directly create, creation, creationism, creator, creative, recreation, procreate and from its inchoative form (see below), crescere/cretum ("arise, appear, grow") > crescent, crescendo, increase, decrease, concrete, concrescence, excrescence, accrue, crew, and recruit ("new growth" < recrescere).

DOCERE/DOCTUM "teach", from a root meaning "to accept" and thus "to cause to accept > teach" >>> document, docile, docent (a teacher as in a museum or school who is not a regular faculty member), doctor, doctrine, indoctrinate, doctrinaire, doctrinal. Discere "to learn" is derived from the same root > disciple, discipline. Also related is decere > "to be fitting" > decent, decor, decorate, decorous. The Greek dokein "think, seem < cause to accept or be accepted" is cognate. Compare dogmatic and doctrinal. For additional words from dokein see chapter 13.

 

2. Noun- and Adjective-forming suffixes

A. Present participles and nouns from present participles

I portare > important bringing in > importance

II tenere > continent holding together > continence

III vertere > inadvertent not turning to > inadvertence

IIIi facere > efficient making thoroughly > efficiency

IV sentire > sentient feeling > sentience

Although many of the English derivatives follow the Latin stem vowel before -nt, others, especially those showing French influence have -ant, regardless of the Latin stem vowel. This is especially common if the English word is a noun.

Note: the suffix -nt can form nouns meaning "one/a person who is _____ing" or "something _____ing".

B. Gerundives/Gerunds

-nd, -ndum [pl. -nda] that which must be ____

Review Exercise: go through the vocabulary lists in this and earlier chapters and try to find a word using one or more of the participial suffixes from each present base. For example:

  1. AGERE: agent, agency; exigent, exigency, agenda
  2. CADERE: cadent, cadence; incident, incidence, accident, accidence
  3. CAPERE: incipient, recipient
  4. CEDERE: antecedent, precedent; incessant (from freq. cessare)
  5. CLAMARE: claimant
  6. DUCERE: adducent
  7. FACERE: efficient, proficiency
  8. FERRE: afferent, efferent, reference, interference
  9. IRE: ambient, ambience, transient, itinerant, errant

Practice exercise C: Make up words meaning:

(Review prefixes and verb bases. In this exercise, -ING should become -NT; STATE OF -ING should be either -NCE or -NCY.  THING TO BE is -ND or -NDUM; THINGS TO BE is -NDA.)

Example: "shining across" > translucent; "state of shining across" > translucence or translucency

More Vocabulary Notes

FRANGERE (FRAG-)/FRACTUM "break" (cognate to English break) -- fragment, infringe, infrangible, irrefragible, frangible, fragile, ossifrage, saxifrage, frail, frailty, refrain, Fraktur (a style of German letters), fraction, fracture, anfractuous ("full of twists and turns"), fractious ("troublesome, cranky"), refract, infraction, diffraction, and fracas.

LOQUI/LOCUTUM "speak" -- loquacious, loquacity, colloquial, colloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquist (venter "belly"), eloquent, magniloquent, grandiloquent, locution, allocution, elocution, circumlocution, interlocutor, prolocutor.

Exercise D  Take apart and define parts:

-ENT, -ANT Words that come directly from Latin show the ending typical of the conjugation to which the Latin verb belongs. -ARE verbs show -ant as important. Verbs in long or short -ERE show -ent, as in adjacent (jacEre), intermittent. Those from -i-stems of the third conjugation and from -IRE verbs show -ient as in efficient, incipient; convenient, sentient, audience. Unfortunately Latin is not always the key to correct spelling because many words enter English through French and so the spelling is affected not only by the pen but by the tongue. Many words from Latin participles that should show -ent actually show -ant, therefore, because the present participle in French shows -ant regardless of the conjugation. Some of the participles that become nouns rather than adjectives show -ant.

Examples:

3. Other adjective-forming suffixes added to the present base

-id [Latin -idus] tending to  squalid [< squalere to be filthy] tending to be filthy

-ile [Latin -ilis] able to be  docile able to be taught

-ble [Latin -bilis] able to be  arable [< arare to plow] able to be plowed

-acious [Latin -ax, -ac-] tending to  audacious [< audere dare] tending to dare

-ulous [Latin -ulus] tending to  credulous [<credere believe] tending to believe

-uous [Latin -uus] tending to  innocuous [< nocere to harm] tending not to harm

Exercise: make a chart, like that given earlier for noun-forming suffixes. 1) For the suffixes -nt, -nce/ncy give 10-20 English derivatives and 2) for -nd and the adjective suffixes listed above, give 5-10 English derivatives. Include words using the new vocabulary given below.

Vocabulary VI b

* audire, auditum hear

esse, futurum be (futurum is the future participle)

fari, fatum speak (present base: fa-)

fidere trust, rely on

fluere, fluxum flow

jacere lie (derived from jacere "throw")

* man‘re, mansum remain

migrare, migratum move, change one's place of living

mord‘re, morsum bite

* nasci, natum be born

oriri, ortum rise

paenit‘re repent

plac‘re, [placitum] please, be agreeable

posse (pot-) be able

salire (-silire), saltum leap, jump

scire, [scitum] know

sed‘re, sessum sit

* sequi, secutum follow

stringere, strictum draw tight

* tangere (-ting-), tactum touch

* vid‘re, visum see

omni- all

Exercise 1 a. Make up ten English words from each of the verbs marked *.

Examples:

nasci, natum: nascent, renascence, Renaissance, natal, nation, native, pre-natal, nature, agnate, adnate, innate, cognate, naive (originally gnasci, related to genus, gignere.)

audire, auditum: audiometer, audiophile, audiovisual, audible, audile, inaudible, audient, audience, obey, audit, audition, auditor, auditory, auditorium, sub-audition, oyez (a Norman French imperative used three times to introduce the opening of a session at court), oyer and terminer (a hearing or trial, from Norman French, "to hear and determine").

man‘re/mansum

 

sequi/secutum

 

tangere/tactum

 

vid‘re/visum

Exercise 1 b. Find at least one English word from each base of all the other words in the vocabulary.

Examples and interesting words from the vocabulary.

esse: essence, essential, quintessence, entity, absent, present, represent, interest and proud ( < prodesse "be beneficial").

scire: science, pseudoscience, nescience, nescient (ne-, a negative prefix), conscious, conscience, unconscious, plebiscite (from the ppp).

fari, fatum: fable, affable, effable, ineffable, infant, infancy, infantry, infantile, infanticide, infanta, infante (the daughter and son, other than the heir apparent, of a Spanish or Portuguese king); from a suffixed form of the same root come fame, famous, infamy, infamous. Fari is cognate to Greek phanai and to the Germanic banns, banal.

Exercise 2 Make up words meaning

Exercise 3 Take apart and define each part

Exercise 4 Review the new suffixes: make up 3 or more words using each of the new suffixes; give meaning and tell what part of speech each forms. Be sure to add the suffixes to the present base.

Example: -nd- [including -ndous, -ndum]

-nd, -ndum (pl. -nda), "that which must be", forms NOUNS

-ndous "of that which must be", forms ADJECTIVES

agenda horrendous memorandum addendum corrigendum tremendous reprimand nuntiandum  baptizand multiplicand dividend crescendo  subtrahend minuend stupendous legend referendum gerund viand [< vivenda] reverend innuendo propaganda confirmand addend  modus operandi ("M.O.")  modus vivendi (less trite than "lifestyle") Q. E. D. quod erat demonstrandum

Not to be confused with an -nd- that is part of the base of the verb, as pendere > compendium.

Exercise 5. Using new words:  review suffixes; try to thnk of another word from the same verb

4. Verb-forming suffixes

A. Inchoatives are verbs formed from other verbs with the meaning begin to.

-sc- [Latin -scere] added to present base begin to

alere grow > coalesce begin to grow together

florere to flower > efflorescent beginning to flower out

creare form, create > crescere begin to be formed, increase > crescent beginning to increase

-scent, "beginning to"

The suffix -sc- sometimes becomes -ish in English:  finish, abolish

Some other words showing the Latin inchoative suffix: nascent, renascence, reminisce, convalesce, convalescent, incandescence, fluorescent, excrescence, obsolescence, adolescent.

B. Other verbal suffixes

-fy to make < -ficare < facere    deify to make into a god < deus

-fic making [adjective-forming suffix]    beatific making blessed < beatus

-igate to drive, to cause to be < agere    navigate drive a ship

Exercise 6 a: Take apart and define parts; answer any questions.

Give one additional word using the noun/adjective base of each of the words listed above, # 1-15.

Example: sanctus [# 8] > saint, sanctity, sanctimony, sanctum sanctorum, inner sanctum, sanctuary, sacrosanct, sanctitude, corposant, sanction, Sanctus

Make up or find ten additional words using the suffix -fy or -fic.

Exercise 6 b. Take apart and define:

Find additional words using -igate.

Look up:

*Review exercise: working in groups, make up words meaning. (Turn in any 20.)

Unit three: checklist

1. Suffixes added to the present base

a. Noun-forming

b. Participial suffixes

c. Adjective-forming

d. Verbal suffixes

Fill in the meaning and at least one example of each suffix used in a word.

2. Vocabulary: learn all new words, especially those marked *.

Fill in a derivative of each base given for each verb.

Verb Game: Which does not belong (i.e. which does not share a Latin verb with the others)?

Unit Three: Supplement

Some common abbreviations: be able to explain how each is used

v. vide the imperative of vidEre, "see" (used in dictionaries and encylcopedias to direct the reader to articles of related interest).

cf. confer the imperative of conferre, "compare."

i. e. id est, "that is"

et al. et alii/et aliae/et alia (different forms indicate the different genders, masculine, feminine, neuter, respectively), "and others"

etc. et cetera, "and the others, and so forth"

q. v. quod vide, "which see"

et seq./et seqq. et sequitur/et sequuntur (the two forms are for singular and plural respectively), "and the following"

op. cit. [in] opere citato, "in the work cited"

loc. cit. [in] loco citato, "in the place cited"

id. idem "the same"

ibid. ibidem, "in the same place"

N. B. nota bene, "note well"

viz. videlicet, "it is permitted to see, that is to say, namely"

e. g. exempli gratia, "for example"

passim throughout, here and there

sic thus

Project: read an article in a learned journal in your field. Be able to explain the meaning of all the abbreviations used. Make a note of any Latin abbreviations or expressions not on the list above.

Words in Context

The meaning doesn't matter if it's only idle chatter of a transcendental kind. W. S. Gilbert

In the constancy of his people he was somewhat diffident. Raleigh

The docile mind may soon thy precepts know. Jonson

He regards the enemies of pleasure with complacency. Jowett

The query seemed intolerable and insolent to the little exquisite woman in her silken nest, and suddenly, knowing at last that she was committed to a certain pattern of foolery, and hating the old witch who had helped her into it, she said in a sweet weak way... M. F. K. Fisher

She is really getting beyond our management and does not mind us even when we speak peremptorily to her. Emily Eden

Rise, sir, from this semi-recumbent posture. Oscar Wilde

History in Words

Elixir

1. In common use elixir is a sweetened aromatic solution of alcohol and water, serving as a vehicle for medicine, as in Elixir of terpenhydrate with codeine.

2. A substance that was believed to have the power of turning base metal into gold, also called the philosopher’s stone.

3. A panacea (or cure-all)

4. Elixir of life a medicine that would bestow long life and eternal youth.

 

Elixir comes to us through Old French from Arabic al, the and iksir from Greek x‘rion, a drying powder for putting on wounds, < x‘ros, dry (cf. xerox, xerophage, as in "My cat is a xerophage.").

Other words from Arabic and Greek

acacia alchemy Almagest antimony burnoose carat caraway jasper moussaka scarlet surd talisman tarragon typhoon zircon

 

gun

a portable firearm, such as a rifle or revolver; also a cannon

From Middle English gonne, cannon, short for Gunnilda, a woman's name applied to a siege engine, from Old Norse Gunnhildr In the records of munitions at Windsor Castle for 1330 is this entry: una magna balista de cornu quae vocatur Domina Gunilda.

Appropriately the two parts of the name gunnr and hildr both mean "war". Gunnr is from the I-E root gwhen- "strike" or "kill". Other related words include: BANE, GONFALON (< Ital. "battle flag"), DEFEND (< Latin defendere "ward off"), FENCE, and OFFEND, and the BAHN of AUTOBAHN

 

UNIT FOUR: ENGLISH DERIVATIVES OF THE PPP BASE

 

1. For a review of ppp bases, work on the following entries from ppp bases of verbs from previous lessons.

Practice exercise 1: Give the meaning of the Latin base verb, the meaning of the prefix and a brief definition of or synonym for the English derivative. Tell what part(s) of speech the English word is.

Example: redact < agere/actum "do, drive" + re-/red- "again, back"; in English, "edit, revise"; a verb.

Practice exercise 2: make up one word from the ppp base of each of these; you may add prefixes but not suffixes:

Example: jacere/jactum (-ject) [throw] > reject, project, deject, abject, disjecta membra ("scattered parts").

1. movere/motum [move]

2. jungere/junctum [join]

3. pingere/pictum [prick, paint]

4. torquere/tortum [twist]

5. tangere/tactum

6. oriri/ortum [rise]

7. sequi/secutum

8. videre/visum

9. fluere/fluxum [flow]

10. regere/rectum

11. facere/factum (-fect)

12. rogare/rogatum

Vocabulary Notes

credere/creditum, "believe" > credence, creed, creedal ( < credo also used as an English word, literally "I believe"), credendum (an article of faith), credential, credible, credibility, "credibility gap" (the abyss that lies between what public officials say and what they mean to do), credenza ("a sideboard" < credence table, a table or shelf used to hold the Eucharistic elements), credit, creditable, credulous, credulity, recreant ("cowardly, unfaithful, or disloyal"), miscreant (a villain; the prefix mis-, from minus, "less").

movere/motum, "move" > move, movement, movie, movable, mobile, automobile, immobile, mob ( < mobile vulgus "the fickle crowd"), moment, momentum, motor, motif, motive, motion, commotion, emote, emotion, promote, promotion, demote, remote, remove, mosso (a musical term meaning "with animation"); but NOT motto (from muttum "to grunt" which also yields mot juste, bon mot, and is related to the native word mutter, and to Greek muein > mystery, myopia) and NOT mote ("a speck of dust" which is of Old English origin).

jungere/junctum "join" is from jugum, "yoke, ridge" which is a cognate of English yoke and Greek zugon. From jungere come: join, enjoin, adjoin, subjoin, conjoin, conjugal, junction, adjunct, juncture, injunction, conjunction, joint, junta; from jugum > jugular, conjugate, subjugate.

2. Noun-forming suffixes added to ppp base

-or [Latin -or] one who, that which

-ion [Latin -io, -ion-] an act; the state or result of an act

-ure [Latin -ura] the act or result of

-us [Latin -us, 4th decl.] an act or the result of an act

This suffix is often difficult to recognize because many words using it show simply the base or the base with silent -e added and so they look as if they come directly from the ppp base. Many words using this suffix will show a u in the stem if a second suffix is added and this will help you recognize the suffix.

Some direct entries using the suffix -us:

prospectus, conspectus, census, consensus, status, plexus, apparatus

Knowing this suffix will help you explain the presence of a -u- in such words as factual, visual, eventual, actual, consensual.

eventual: e/vent/u/al -- out/come/result of/concerned with

Practice exercises 3 using vocabulary words from previous chapters and the new suffixes.

A. Take apart and define each part

B. Make up words meaning:

C. Make up one agent [one who, that which] and one abstract [act, state, condition of being] from the ppp base of each of these verbs. Use prefixes if you need to. Remember vowel reduction.

Example: cedere/cessum

1. capere/captum

2. facere/factum

3. agere/actum

4. trahere/tractum

5. quaerere/quaesitum

6. sequi/secutum

7. loqui/locutum

8. audire/auditum

9. ducere/ductum

10. currere/cursum

11. legere/lectum

12. creare/creatum

13. rapere/raptum

14. petere/petitum

15. vincere/victum

16. rogare/rogatum

D. Review suffixes added to present base and make up one abstract using each base

Example: loqui, locutum present: eloquence; ppp: circumlocution

1. frangere (frag-)/fractum

2. regere/rectum

3. specere/spectum

4. legere/lectum

5. tendere/tentum, tensum

6. currere/cursum

3. Adjective-forming suffixes added to ppp base

-ile [Latin -ilis] able to (be), related to

-ible [Latin -ibilis] able to be

-ory, -orious, -orial [Latin -orius] pertaining to, tending to

-orium (sometimes -ory) is the neuter of -orius, "thing or place for"

-ive [Latin -ivus] tending to

4. Frequentatives

Frequentatives are verbs formed from verbs. They express constant, repeated or intensified action. Frequentatives are usually formed from the ppp base, by adding first conjugation endings; that is, add -are, -atum to the ppp base. Sometimes -itare, -itatum is added instead. They are usually to be recognized by the presence of -at- or -itat- on a ppp base; sometimes by the presence of an -a- that otherwise does not seem to belong.

Practice exercise 4:

A. Take apart; give meaning of verb stem, define suffix.

B. Make up words meaning

Practice exercise 5: Identify verb, give meaning of compound

Practice exercise 6: Tell which are frequentatives, which are inchoatives, and which are denominatives; identify the base of each and give its meaning. Give meaning of the whole compound.

Example: denominative: is a denominative

base: nomen, nomin- name  meaning: tending to be made from nouns/names

inchoative: also a denominative

base: choum/cohum a strap attaching the yoke to the plow i.e. something used for the first step  meaning: tending to make a beginning

Vocabulary VII

Learn these, especially those marked *

aperire, apertum open

cens‘re, censum assess, rate, estimate

* colere, cultum till, honor, dwell, worship

* credere, creditum believe

-fendere, -fensum strike, hurt

[findere], fissum split

fingere (fig-), fictum form

fugere, fugitum flee

fungi, functum perform

* gradi (-gred-), gressum step, walk

* hab‘re, habitum have, hold

imitari, imitatum copy

* jungere, junctum join

labi, lapsum slip

* mon‘re, monitum warn

* mov‘re, motum move

mutare, mutatum change

* pati, passum suffer

pingere (pig-), pictum mark by incision, tatoo, paint

pungere, punctum prick, sting

[r‘ri], ratum think

stinguere, stinctum quench

struere, structum pile up, build

tegere, tectum cover

[texere], textum weave, build

tingere, tinctum dip

[tond‘re], tonsum shear, clip, shave

* torqu‘re (tor-), tortum twist

[vellere], vulsum pluck, pull

vexare, v