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Psychology 310 - Homework #1 Due January 13 Student #:
(1)
Which
topic listed in chapters 1-18 in the textbook’s table of contents interests you
the most and why?
(2)
If
you were to
submit this homework assignment by slipping it under or taping it to my office
door at noon on January 13, how many points would you receive? (You can figure
this out by reading the grading section of the syllabus.)
Psychology 310 – Homework 2 Due January 18
Student #:
For each trait below, please circle a number to indicate how typical that trait
is of you.
Scoring:
Total of your ratings on the odd numbered items =
Total of your ratings on the even numbered items =
Scale Average = (odd total – even total) / 10 =
(Also note the scale average somewhere in your class notes, because we may refer
to it later on.)
Psychology 310 – Homework #3 Due January 20
Student #:
Think of a research question relevant to personality psychology (perhaps, for
example, something related to a topic you mentioned on Homework #1). What
specifically is the question?
Who would you study and why?
What are the variables of interest and how might you measure or manipulate them?
Psychology 310 – Homework #4 Due January 25
If you missed class, you can obtain the materials needed to complete this homework assignment on the "course content" page of the course Blackboard site.
Psychology 310 – Homework #5 Due January 30 Student #:
Some people are careless
or inattentive when they are completing a personality measure. One common method
for detecting careless responding is to incorporate an infrequency scale into
the measure. An infrequency scale contains items that most or all people would
answer in a particular way; thus, people who keep giving atypical answers are
probably not reading or responding carefully. In the space below, design a
5-item “infrequency scale.” Assume that the measurement scale goes from 0 = “I
have never performed this act” to 10 = “I frequently perform this act.”
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.
___________________________________________________________________________
Psychology 310 – Homework #6 Due February 1
Student #:
For each trait below, please circle a number to indicate how typical that trait
is of you.
Scoring:
Total of your ratings on the odd numbered items =
Total of your ratings on the even numbered items =
Scale Average = (odd total – even total) / 10 =
Is your score the same or different than score you obtained when you took this
same test for Homework #2?
Why do you think your score changed or did not change?
Psychology 310 – Homework #7 Due February 3
Student #:
In the spaces provided below, write down three hobbies or
activities you enjoyed when you were in junior high school.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
In the spaces provided below, write down three hobbies or
activities you enjoy in your current life.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
In the space below, please reflect on (a) whether there are
consistencies in the specific activities you enjoyed in junior high school and
now, and (b) whether there consistencies in the personality traits that might
underlie or be expressed in your preferred activities (even if those specific
activities have changed). Such consistencies would be evidence of personality
stability and coherence.
Psychology 310 – Homework #8 Due February 6 Student #:
(1)
What percentage of your personality do you think is due to your genes and what
percentage do you think is due to your environment?
Genes ______%
Environment ______%
(2)
If your environment has had an influence, what aspects of that environment have
exerted the
most influence?
Due February 8 Student #:
(1)
Pick one of the five factor
model traits and write it in here: _______________________ .
(2)
Shared Environmental
Variables Below, write down three
environmental variables that you shared in common with your siblings while you
were growing up (if you are an only child, write down three things that would
have been shared if you had siblings) and that might have influenced the degree
to which you show this trait.
1.
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
_________________________________________________________________________
(3)
Nonshared Environmental
Variables
Below, write down three environmental variables that you did
not share in common with any of your siblings while you were growing
up (if you are an only child, write down three things that presumably would not
have been shared if you had siblings) and that might have influenced the degree
to which you show this trait.
1.
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
_________________________________________________________________________
Psychology 310 – Homework #10 Due February 10 Student #: Sensation-Seeking Scale For each item, circle the choice, A or B, that best describes
your likes or dislikes or the way you feel.
Scoring Add one point for each of the following items that you
circled: 1A, 2A, 3A, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7A, 8A, 9B, 10B, 11A, 12A, 13B
Psychology 310 Homework #11 Due February 13 Student #: BIS/BAS
scales For each item, indicate
how much you agree or disagree with what the item says. Respond to each item as
if it were the only item. That is, don't worry about being "consistent" in your
responses. Choose from the following
four response options:
-2 = very false for me
-1 = somewhat false for me
+1 = somewhat true for me
+2 = very true for me
1. A person's family is
the most important thing in life
2. Even if something bad is about to happen to me, I rarely experience fear or
nervousness. 3. I go out of my way to
get things I want. 4. When I'm doing well at
something I love to keep at it. 5. I'm always willing to
try something new if I think it will be fun. 6. How I dress is
important to me. 7.
When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized. 8.
Criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit. 9.
When I want something I usually go all-out to get it. 10. I will often do things
for no other reason than that they might be fun. 11. It's hard for me to
find the time to do things such as get a haircut. 12. If I see a chance to
get something I want I move on it right away. 13. I feel pretty worried
or upset when I think or know somebody is angry at me. 14. When I see an
opportunity for something I like I get excited right away. 15. I often act on the
spur of the moment. 16. If I think something
unpleasant is going to happen I usually get pretty "worked up." 17. I often wonder why
people act the way they do. 18. When good things
happen to me, it affects me strongly. 19. I feel worried when I
think I have done poorly at something important. 20. I crave excitement and
new sensations. 21. When I go after
something I use a "no holds barred" approach. 22. I have very few fears
compared to my friends. 23. It would excite me to
win a contest. 24. I worry about making
mistakes.
Scoring
Items 2 & 22 are reverse-scored. For these items, change +2 to -2, +1 to -1, -1
to +1, and -2 to +2. BAS
= (Items 3 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 15 + 18 + 20 + 21 + 23) / 13 BIS
= (2 + 8 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 24) / 7
Items 1, 6, 11, 17 are “fillers”.
Psychology 310 – Homework #12 Due February 17
Student #:
Please think of a serious or committed romantic relationship that you have had
in the past, that you are currently having, or that you would like to have.
Imagine that you discover that the person with whom you’ve been seriously
involved became interested in someone else. For each question, please circle
only one answer, (A) or (B).
1.
Which would upset or distress you more?
(A)
Imagining your partner enjoying passionate sexual intercourse with that other
person.
(B)
Imagining your partner forming a deep emotional attachment to that other person.
2.
Which would upset or distress you more?
(A)
Imagining your partner trying different sexual positions with that other person.
(B)
Imagining your partner falling in love with that other person.
3.
Which action would be more difficult
for you to forgive?
(A)
Your partner has passionate sexual intercourse with that other person.
(B)
Your partner becomes deeply emotionally attached to that other person.
4.
For which action would you be more likely
to break-up with your partner?
(A)
Your partner has passionate sexual intercourse with that other person.
(B)
Your partner becomes deeply emotionally attached to that other person.
5.
Which aspect
of your partner’s involvement would be
more difficult for you to forgive?
(A)
Your partner’s sexual intercourse with that other person.
(B)
Your partner’s emotional attachment to that other person.
6.
Which aspect
of your partner’s involvement would be
more likely to lead you to break-up
with your partner?
(A)
Your partner’s sexual intercourse with that other person.
(B)
Your partner’s emotional attachment to that other person.
Your Gender (circle one): Male
/ Female
Psychology 310 - Homework # 13 Due February 27 Student #: Psychoanalytic theory
emphasizes the role of the first 5 years of life in shaping personality
dynamics. Do you think experiences
or circumstances in your early childhood have had a significant and continuing
influence on your personality dynamics? If so, give an example. Do you think Sigmund Freud
might be skeptical about what you just wrote? Why or why not?
Psychology of Personality – Homework
#14 Due March 2 Give an example of a time when you believe that you or
someone else employed one of the defense mechanisms that we talked about in
class (or that is mentioned in the textbook).
Psychology 310 - Homework #15 Due March 7
Student #
Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status – Revised
Indicate how well each statement reflects your own thoughts and feelings using
the scale shown below. If a statement has more than one part, indicate your
reaction to the statement as a whole.
(Note: The actual test contains 64 items. The parentheses after the items are
not shown in the real test; they show which scale the item is from and will help
us understand the scale.)
1.
My own views on a desirable lifestyle were taught to me by my parents and I
don’t see any need to question what they taught me.
(Phil. L S/Foreclosure)
2.
My ideas about men’s and women’s roles are identical to my parents’.
What has worked for them will obviously work for me.
(Sex Role/Foreclosure)
3.
I might have thought about a lot of different jobs, but there’s never really any
question since my parents said what they wanted.
(Occupational/Foreclosure)
4.
My parents know what’s best for me in terms of how to choose my friends.
(Friendship/Foreclosure)
5.
I guess I’m pretty much like my folks when it comes to politics.
I follow what they do in terms of voting and such.
(Politics/Foreclosure)
6.
I’ve always liked doing the same recreational activities my parents do and
haven’t ever seriously considered anything else. (Recreation/Foreclosure)
7.
I only go out with the type of people my parents expect me to date.
(Dating/Foreclosure)
8.
I don’t have any real friends, and I don’t think I’m looking for one right now.
(Friendship/Diffusion)
9.
I haven’t chosen the occupation I really want to get into, and I’m just working
at whatever is available until something better comes along
(Occupation/Diffusion)
10.
I don’t give religion much thought and it doesn’t bother me one way or the
other. (Religion/Diffusion)
11.
There's no single “life style” which appeals to me more than another.
(Phil. L S/Diffusion)
12.
I’ve never really seriously considered men’s and women’s roles in marriage.
It just doesn’t seem to concern me.
(Sex Role/Diffusion)
13.
I haven’t really considered politics.
It just doesn’t excite me much. (Politics/Diffusion)
14.
I don’t think about dating much. I
just kind of take it as it comes.
(Dating/Diffusion)
15.
There’s so many ways to divide responsibilities in marriage, I’m trying to
decide what will work for me. (Sex
Roles/Moratorium)
16.
While I don’t have one recreational activity I’m really committed to, I’m
experiencing numerous leisure outlets to identify one I can really get involved
in. (Recreational/Moratorium).
17.
I’m trying out different types of dating relationships.
I just haven’t decided what is best for me.
(Dating/Moratorium)
18.
There are a lot of different kinds of people.
I’m still exploring the many possibilities to find the right kind of
friends for me.
(Friendship/Moratorium)
19.
I’m not sure about my political beliefs, but I’m trying to figure out what I can
truly believe in.
(Politics/Moratorium)
20.
Religion is confusing to me right now.
I keep changing my views on what is right and wrong for me.
(Religion/Moratorium)
21.
I’m still trying to decide how capable I am as a person and what jobs will be
right for me.
(Occupation/Moratorium)
22.
I’ve spent some time thinking about men’s and women’s roles in marriage and I’ve
decided what will work best for me.
(Sex Roles/Achievement)
23.
I’ve thought my political beliefs through and realize I can agree with some and
not other aspects of what my parents believe.
(Politics/Achievement)
24.
I’ve tried many different friendships and now I have a clear idea of what I look
for in a friend.
(Friendship/Achievement)
25.
After trying a lot of different recreational activities I’ve found one or more I
really enjoy doing by myself or with friends.
(Recreation/Achievement)
26.
It took me a while to figure it out, but now I really know what I want for a
career. (Occupation/Achievement)
27.
After considerable thought I’ve developed my own individual viewpoint of what is
for me an ideal “lifestyle” and don’t believe anyone will be likely to change my
perspective. (Phil. L S/Achievement)
28.
I’ve gone through a period of serious questions about faith and can now say I
understand what I believe in as an individual.
(Religion/Achievement)
Psychology 310 - Homework # 16 Due March 9
Student #:
Indicate how much you agree or disagree with each item. Please be as accurate as
you can be, and try not to let your answer to any one item influence your answer
to any other item. Choose from these response options:
1
= I disagree with the statement a lot
2
= I disagree with the statement a little
3
= I agree with the statement a little
4
= I agree with the statement a lot
1.
When I'm close to someone, it gives me a sense of comfort about life in general.
2.
I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me.
3.
I have trouble getting others to be as close as I want them to be.
4.
I find it easy to be close to others.
5.
I often worry my partner will not want to stay with me.
6.
Others want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.
7.
It feels relaxing and good to be close to someone.
8.
I am very comfortable being close to others.
9.
I don't worry about others abandoning me.
10.
My desire to merge sometimes scares people away.
11.
I prefer not to be too close to others.
12.
I find others are reluctant to get as close as I would like.
13.
I get uncomfortable when someone wants to be very close.
14.
Being close to someone gives me a source of strength for other activities.
Scoring & Feedback
This test is the Measure of Attachment Qualities (MAQ), a measure of adult
attachment patterns. It has a scale
to assess secure attachment tendencies, a scale to assess avoidant tendencies,
and two scales reflecting aspects of the anxious-ambivalent pattern.
Items 4, 8, and 9 are reverse coded (change 1 to 4, 2 to 3, 3 to 2, and 4 to 1).
Security = (Items 1 + 7 + 14) / 3.
Avoidance = (Items 4 + 6 + 8 + 11 + 13) / 5.
Ambivalence-worry = (Items 2 + 5 + 9) / 3.
Ambivalence-merger = (Items 3 + 10 + 12) / 3.
Scale scores above the midpoint (2.5) suggest you tend to agree more than
disagree with the items on that scale. Scale scores below the midpoint (2.5)
suggest you tend to disagree more than agree with those statements. Note that
this test was designed to be used for research and not for categorizing or
labeling any individual respondent, including you. Reference: Carver, C. S.
(1997). Adult attachment and personality: Converging evidence & a new measure.
Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 23, 865-883.
Psychology 310 – Homework 17 Due March 19 Student #: Please look at the picture below for 15-30 seconds. Then on
the back of this sheet spend about 4 minutes writing a story about what is
happening in the picture. Write any kind of story you want. Consider addressing
the following questions: Who are the people? What happened before… how did the
story begin? What are the people thinking about and how do they feel? What will
happen… how will the story end?
Psychology 310 - Homework 18 Due March 21
Student #:
Empirical research indicates that people who are high in need for achievement
prefer activities or endeavors (a) that provide some, but not too much,
challenge; (2) where they are personally responsible for the outcome; and (3)
when feedback on their performance is available. Based on these results, provide
3 examples of activities or endeavors that are likely to be preferred by people
who are high (compared to those who are low) in need for achievement.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
Psychology 310 - Homework #19 Due March 26 Student #: The "Johari
Window" is an exercise that is used in humanistic therapy groups. But on your
own try to fill in the four “window panes” below by writing down: What about you
is transparent to both yourself and others? What about you is known to you but
not others? What types of aspects of yourself could you imagine
might be
hidden from yourself but not others or hidden from both you and others?
Psychology of Personality – Homework
#20 Due March 28 Student #: Think of 5 people
you know and write their initials inside
the 5 spaces marked Person A, Person B, etc… Try to pick a diverse group of
people (older, younger, liked, disliked, relatives, peers, and so on). In each
row, three of the columns (people) are blank. Your job is to compare those three
people and think of one way two of them differ from the third one. For example,
the first triad of people is Me, Person A, and Person B. If for me Person A is
"mom" and Person B is "best friend", I might think: "my friend and I are
male and my mom is
female". If so, I would write
male in the "how are the two similar?" column and write
female in the "How is the third different" column. Do this for each of
the six triads of people.
Since some students find this exercise confusing, the following example might
help…
Psychology 310 – Homework #21 Due March 30 Student #: Internal–External Locus of Control Scale For each of the following pairs of statements, circle the one
(“a” or “b”) you believe more strongly. I more strongly believe that:
a)
Making a lot of money is
largely a matter of getting the right breaks
b)
Promotions are earned
through hard work and persistence
a)
Many times the reactions of
teachers seem haphazard to me
b)
In my experience I have
noticed that there is usually a direct connection between how hard I study and
the grades I get
a)
Marriage is largely a
gamble
b)
The number of divorces
indicates that more and more people are not trying to make their marriages work
a)
As far as world affairs are
concerned, most of us are the victims of forces we can neither understand, nor
control
b)
By taking an active part in
political and social affairs the people can control world events
a)
This world is run by the
few people in power, and there is not much the little guy can do about it
b)
The average citizen can
have an influence in government decisions
a)
A great deal that happens
to me is probably a matter of chance
b)
I am master of my fate
a)
It is almost impossible to
figure out how to please some people
b)
Getting along with people
is a skill that must be practiced
a)
Most people don't realize
the extent to which their lives are controlled by accidental happenings.
b)
There really is no such
thing as "luck"
a)
Many of the unhappy things
in people's lives are partly due to bad luck
b)
People's misfortunes result
from the mistakes they make
a)
Many times exam questions
tend to be so unrelated to course work that studying in really useless
b)
In the case of the well
prepared student there is rarely if ever such a thing as an unfair test Scoring: Add 1 point for each “a” response. If your score is greater
than 6, then you endorsed more “External” items than “Internal” items. If your
score is less 5, then you endorsed more “Internal” items than “External” items.
Psychology 310 – Homework #22 Due April 2
Student #:
Our beliefs about the relationship between money and happiness can powerfully
shape our life decisions. What do you believe is the relationship between income
or wealth and happiness or life satisfaction?
Due April 4 The following events refer to emotional reactions to typical
life events. Please indicate how YOU react to these events by placing a number
from the following scale in the blank space preceding each item. Please base
your answers on how YOU, react, not on
how you think others react or how you think a person should react.
1. ____ When I accomplish something difficult I feel
delighted or elated. 2. ____ When I solve a small personal problem, I feel
euphoric. 3. ____ My emotions tend to be more intense than those of
most people. 4. ____ My happy moods are so strong that I feel like I'm "in
heaven." 5. ____ My heart races at the anticipation of some exciting
event. 6. ____ Sad movies deeply touch me. 7. ____ When I talk in front of a group for the first time my
voice gets shaky and my heart races. 8. ____ When something good happens, I am usually much more
jubilant than others. 9. ____ My friends might say I'm emotional. 10. ____ When I do feel anxiety it is normally very strong. 11. ____ When I'm happy I feel like I'm bursting with joy. 12. ____ The sight of someone who is hurt badly affects me
strongly. 13. ____ When I'm happy I feel very energetic. 14. ____ When I do something wrong I have strong feelings of
shame and guilt. 15. ____ When I'm happy I bubble over with energy. 16. ____ When I am nervous I get shaky all over. NOTE: These are items
from Larsen’s (1984) Affect Intensity Measure (AIM), which is designed to
quickly asses a person’s emotional style in terms of intensity. The typical
college student scores about 4. Higher scores reflect relatively high affect
intensity, whereas lower scores reflect relatively low affect intensity.
Psychology 310 – Homework #24 Due April 6
Student #:
·
Your “SHOULD self” are
qualities that you think you ought to possess; the type of person you have a
duty, obligation, or responsibility to be; the qualities you
are morally obligated to possess
·
Your “IDEAL self” are qualities that you would IDEALLY like to
possess; the type of person you wish, desire, or hope to be
Example of how the ideal and should selves are different:
I may hope to be famous someday, being famous may be a goal I have for
myself, but I do not think I have a duty or a moral obligation to be famous.
So, famous would be a word that describes the type of person I ideally
want to be, but it is not a word that describes the type of person I think I
should be.
Please list the attributes of the type of person you would IDEALLY like to be; who you wish, desire, or hope to be.
Please list the attributes of the type of person you believe you SHOULD or OUGHT to be; the traits you believe you are morally obligated to possess.
After you have listed an attribute in each of the 8 blanks above,
in the boxes next to the left of each one indicate how well each of those
attributes describes who you are now on a scale from -5 (not at all like who I
am now) to +5 (exactly like who I am now).
Psychology 310 - Homework #25 Due April 11
Student #
Instructions:
Please evaluate the following factors in choosing a mate or marriage partner. If
you consider it:
indispensable, give it . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
3 points
important, but not indispensable . . .
. . .
. . .
. . …
2 points
desirable, but not very important . . .
. . .
. . .
. . . ..
1 point
irrelevant or unimportant . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
0 points
___ 1. Good cook and housekeeper
___ 10. Desire for home and children
___ 2. Pleasing disposition
___ 11. Favorable social status
___ 3. Sociability
___ 12. Good looks
___ 4. Similar educational background
___ 13. Similar
religious background
___ 5. Refinement, neatness
___ 14. Ambition and industriousness
___ 6. Good financial prospect
___ 15. Similar political
background
___ 7. Chastity (no prior intercourse)
___ 16. Mutual
attraction—love
___ 8. Dependable character
___ 17. Good health
___ 9. Emotional stability
___ 18. Education and intelligence
Psychology 310 – Homework #26 Due April 13
Student #:
Each statement below represents a commonly held opinion. Read each
statement carefully, decide how much you agree or disagree, and then circle the
appropriate number. There are no right or wrong answers; just go with your first
impression.
To score this scale (the MACH IV), reverse score your
answers to questions 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, and 17 (i.e., flip the
negative and positive signs) and then average your responses. An average of 2 or
greater is considered high. We’ll discuss what the scale measures in class. Psychology 310 - Homework #27 Due April 16 Student # Research on sex differences has been controversial (among the
public as well as in academia). Why do you think that is? Describe your own perspective on sex differences (including
whether they should be studied, and why or why not).
Psychology 310 - Homework #28 Due April 20
Student #
What features of personality appear to
be universal, or present in most or all human cultures? These universals
constitute the human nature level of analyzing personality.
For example, people in all cultures
studied to date avoid and condemn brother-sister incest. In the spaces below,
write 5 behavioral, attitudinal, or emotional dispositions you think might be
human universals.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.
___________________________________________________________________________
Why might these behaviors, attitudes, or emotions be universal?
Psychology 310 - Homework #29 Due April 23
Student #
In this exercise, there are 10 statements starting with “I am . . .” Please
complete all 10 statements, in answer to the question, “Who are you?”
1.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
2.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
3.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
4.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
5.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
6.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
7.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
8.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
9.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
10.
I am…______________________________________________________________________
(Some of the more influential work on cultural differences in self-concept uses
the Twenty Statements Test or TST, which is just a 20-line version of this homework assignment.
We will discuss this work in class.)
Psychology 310 – Homework #30 Due April 25
Student #:
Classic research by Holmes and Rahe (1967) identified stressful events in
people’s lives that contributed to illness if not coped with properly. The
following is a modified, abbreviated version of Holmes and Rahe’s measure.
Please check the events listed below that you have experienced in the past
year.
___ 1. Beginning or ceasing of formal schooling
___ 2. Change in residence
___ 3. Outstanding personal achievement
___ 4. Death of a close family member
___ 5. Major change in sleeping habits
___ 6. Sexual difficulties
___ 7. Major personal injury or illness
___ 8. Marriage
___ 9. Death of a close friend
___ 10. Major change in financial state
People who experience a greater number of daily hassles are also at greater risk
for health problems than are people who experience fewer daily hassles. The
following list includes common daily hassles.
Please check the events listed below that are significant sources of stress
for you on a daily basis.
___ 1. Concerns about weight
___ 2. Health of a family member
___ 3. Prices of common goods
___ 4. Home maintenance
___ 5. Too many things to do
___ 6. Misplacing or losing things
___ 7. Too many interruptions
___ 8. Social rejection
___ 9. Crime
___ 10. Physical appearance
Whew, just reading these lists of stressors makes me feel overwhelmed! But one
way to cope with stress is to take time to savor life’s positive moments. So, in
the space below, please describe something pleasant or humorous that you
experienced recently.
Psychology 310 – Homework #31 Due April 30
Student #:
For each of the following pairs of attitudes, choose the
one that you
MOST AGREE with. Mark
your answer by
circling EITHER A or B.
|
Ideal 1.
Ideal 2.
Ideal 3.
Ideal 4.
Should 1. 
Should 2.
Should 3.
Should 4.